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Book Review: THE BARBAROUS COAST (1956) by Ross MacDonald

9/1/2024

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With private eye novels – and stories spun from any genre, really – I am especially interested in The Hook. How does the author glide (or throw or crash) the reader into the story, and how original is the premise? Are the introductory characters intriguing enough for us to commit to spending two hundred more pages in their company? Is the initial predicament straightforward or are there already twists to throw the reader off balance? And do these early pages convey the writer’s tone and skill, and are they appealing?

Since I’m interested in tracking those elements, it should be obvious that I hope to see these tools used effectively and memorably by the storyteller. The stronger The Hook and the more assured and effective the start of the story, the more I can relax as a reader because I know I’m in good hands. Ross MacDonald, the author of The Barbarous Coast (1956), provides a sublimely engaging first ten pages for his sixth novel featuring Lew Archer, and the pages and chapters that follow are similarly first-rate. The result is one of MacDonald’s most resonant and tragic tales yet, using a very human pathos to explore the familiar hard-boiled detective themes of betrayal, seduction, violence, and revenge.

Archer arrives at the gates of an exclusive club on the California coast looking for a man named Bassett. First he must deal with an angry fellow named George Wall, who is also trying to get his hands on Archer’s prospective client. The investigator learns that Wall is married to a beauty named Hester Campbell, and the woman has gone missing. Archer meets with the fussy, snooty Bassett – who is asking for bodyguard protection against Wall – and then chooses, with the flip of a coin, to take on the hot-tempered husband as his client instead of the unlikable club manager. The search for the missing wife unearths other mysteries, notably the unsolved killing of a teen girl on the beach. The victim happens to be the daughter of an ex-prize fighter named Torres, who is now working as the gate guard at Bassett’s Channel Club.

How’s that for a Hook, left, right or otherwise?

As with other titles in MacDonald’s excellent series, The Barbarous Coast anchors its story upon two slippery posts. There is the moneyed decadence and moral decay of rich families who can use their power and cash to make problems disappear; and the uneasy coexistence of the people trying to get through life by seeking truth in a way that’s personally honorable – Archer, George Wall, and the world-weary gate guard Tony Torres belong to this camp – and those willing to bend or break the truth to further their fortunes. It is not a surprise that most of Coast’s characters readily join this second group with nary a twinge of conscience, including an imperious movie producer named Simon Graff and a conceited boxer-turned-contract player named Lance Leonard, who happens to be Torres’s wayward, undisciplined nephew.

Indeed, the personalities of Coast’s characters are superbly drawn and explored, with perhaps only the rich set’s gun-toting hired heavies nearing cliché. We see the world through Lew Archer’s eyes, and that’s a good thing, since the perspective is often insightful, surprising, and quite amusing. When an offended Mr. Bassett demands to know why Archer won’t act as his bodyguard, the detective provides this unconventional, unvarnished answer:

“It means living at close quarters with some of the damnedest jerks. They usually want a bodyguard because they can’t get anybody to talk to them. Or else they have delusions.”
And while some readers may not welcome Archer’s psychological assessments of his character and others – I find that they are brief, nuanced, and never intrude upon the pacing or plotting – these rare moments of reflection (presented as straightforward reportage) are valuable and compelling. An example from Chapter 24:
“I drove home on automatic pilot and went to bed. I dreamed about a man who lived by himself in a landscape of crumbling stones. He spent a great deal of his time, without much success, trying to reconstruct in his mind the monuments and the buildings of which the scattered stones were the only vestiges. He vaguely remembered some kind of oral tradition to the effect that a city had stood there once. And a still vaguer tradition: or perhaps it was a dream inside of the dream: that the people who had built the city, or their descendants, were coming back eventually to rebuild it. He wanted to be around when the work was done.”    
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I am also consistently impressed by the skill in which Ross MacDonald (a pseudonym of Kenneth Millar) layers the twists and complications of his plots without losing the attentive reader along for the ride. The story here is neither simple nor simplistic: the cast quickly expands to more than a dozen active characters, each with their own obscured or announced objectives. As it should happen in a P.I. mystery, each revelation – whether the uncovering of a hidden relationship or the discovery of a fresh corpse – takes Archer into new territory as the kaleidoscope turns and a new picture forms. The conclusion of this story has a mournful inevitability, as the picture clicks and clicks again until Nemesis tries to balance the board between the honorable and the corrupt.

Along with The Ivory Grin (and, if reputation is to be relied on, the upcoming title The Galton Case, which I shall read soon), The Barbarous Coast shows this ambitious author and his observant detective at their very best. It can also be sampled as a standalone story outside of the series and is highly recommended.

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Book Review: FIND A VICTIM (1954) by Ross MacDonald

11/3/2021

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​Find a Victim, the fifth Lew Archer mystery, showcases many of the strengths that make Ross MacDonald’s stories so rewarding, including a carefully calibrated (and complex) plot that maneuvers the California private investigator through a relentless series of twists and turns. Characterization and psychology are always important elements for the author, and the way MacDonald – the pseudonym of Kenneth Millar – sketches each actor in his cast through an economy of dialogue, action, and incident is impressive and entertaining. Victim begins quickly and irresistibly, with Archer picking up a bloodied Latino truck driver who has been shot and left for dead in a ditch. Soon, the P.I. is enmeshed in a case where the theft of a truckload of stolen whiskey is only a preamble.
 
Suspicion for the murderous heist quickly lands on a bar and motel owner named Kerrigan, whose unusually large and insured order of liquor could give him the payday he needs to leave his wife and disappear with Anne Meyer, a girlfriend he employed at the motel. But Anne has been missing for a week prior to the theft, and a small-time hood named Bosey knocks Archer out to dissuade him from further investigation. Undeterred, the detective collects two additional suspects who may have roles in a potential conspiracy: Las Cruces’ Sheriff Church, who might be bending (or breaking) the rules of law and order, and Anne Meyer’s father, who owns the trucking company and is rumored to have sexually attacked his daughter when she was a teenager. The tragic solution pays neat tribute to the Stephen Crane quote MacDonald has chosen to preface the story: 

“A man feared that he might find an assassin. Another that he might find a victim. One was more wise than the other.”    
A couple barriers prevented me from becoming fully engaged in this story the way I had with the author’s previous title, 1952’s masterly noir novel The Ivory Grin. First, the tone is both familiar and estranged. The ingredients for a great Lew Archer story seem to be here, especially in the author’s talent for moving his gumshoe effortlessly from incident to interview, from altercation to confession. There are no wasted (or uninteresting) scenes, and Archer is propelled throughout, accumulating clues and making connections with each chapter to lead him into the next one.
 
And yet the story proves a little elusive even as it is mostly logical, and there are not many characters sympathetic enough to justify Archer hanging around and being routinely threatened and roughed up. Tony Aquista, the dying truck driver, makes a dramatic entrance but leaves a fleeting impression. Kerrigan, Bosey, and an on-the-run druggie named Jo Summer all appear slippery, corrupt, and not worth redemption.  Only one person seems worth defending: Hilda Church, the sheriff’s vulnerable wife and sister to the missing Anne. 
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But the real reason for the off-kilter feel may be due to pressure from the publisher. According to information from Tom Nolan’s biography of Millar/MacDonald (1999), the author was tasked to rewrite Find a Victim substantially for Alfred A. Knopf, as the publishing house wanted more Mickey Spillane-styled violence and gunplay. MacDonald capitulated, and the result is a rather forced mix of astute characterization and plotting interrupted by two gratuitous shoot-outs.
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Narratively, Lew Archer does not need to ambush and kill in cold blood a quartet of criminals who have double-crossed Bosey, but he does just that. Mike Hammer would approve, and apparently the editors at Knopf did too. (Two notes: the fated bandits are characterless, only appearing in the ambush scene so MacDonald can meet his Spillane quota; and this is the first time in the series where Archer shoots to kill in a situation other than one of self-defense.)
 
At the plot’s conclusion, MacDonald is firmly back to writing what he intended and what he knows best. There is a melancholy, almost a pity generated for the characters left standing, people who made poor but understandable choices and are now paying the price for it. Find a Victim isn’t a bad Lew Archer book, it’s just not the cohesive, contemplative one that Ross MacDonald would have delivered if he had been left alone and allowed to craft another independent, high-quality story without editorial interference.

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Book Review: THE IVORY GRIN (1952) by Ross MacDonald

1/27/2021

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For anyone searching for a representative Lew Archer mystery from Ross MacDonald, for a title that showcases the author’s considerable literary merits and shows just how masterfully he could plot and write, one need look no further than 1952’s The Ivory Grin. Speaking personally, I find it a stronger and more intriguing book than the three novels preceding Grin, although they each have much to recommend. This one starts as so many do, with a woman who can’t (or shouldn’t) be trusted visiting Archer’s office and commissioning him to find somebody. In this case, the petitioner is a brassy nouveau riche who wants the private investigator to find a black maid who, she alleges, absconded with some jewelry. Archer sets out to tail Lucy Champion, an attractive young African-American with a nursing certification, and soon discovers that there is more to the story than missing bracelets. The detective finds Lucy in a motel room, dead on the floor, and the case soon takes on more suspects as Archer works to link the recent murder with the prior disappearance of Charles Singleton, a war veteran and heir to a considerable fortune.

MacDonald is known for his complicated narratives and wry humor, and both are to be found in abundance here. What I find admirable is that this tale’s plot is indeed complex, but just labyrinthine enough to keep the reader always attentive but never actually lost along the way. One scene propels the P.I. into his next encounter, which allows the story to unfold at a steady and carefully crafted clip. With Grin especially, the author achieves a highly satisfying symmetry by the plotline’s conclusion, with character actions and reactions creating a tragic inevitability. There’s also a triangle with a fourth character at its apex that gives the outcome a geometric neatness; to say more, or to identify who occupies which corner, would spoil the surprises in store.

But what elevates The Ivory Grin from its pulp origins into a more literary arena is MacDonald’s no-nonsense observations and descriptions that provide a very believable snapshot of American race relations in the early 1950s. There’s no preaching here, and no didactic moral, just dozens of details: the casually dismissive sheriff of a young black woman’s murder; Archer’s belief (via evidence and logic) that Lucy’s boyfriend Alex did not kill her, even though he fled from the scene; client Una's initial accusation of theft, meant to be taken without question by the upper-class accuser; and the cold truth that Lucy’s death is ultimately insignificant to the cast of wealthy white people who have larger, class-rooted secrets to conceal. The story may have been written by a white man and might feature a white protagonist (and ultimately tell a white story), but Ross MacDonald is intensely interested in exploring this culture of double standards. If he wasn’t, he would not have bothered to deliver consistently illuminating descriptions in his prose. Take this sketch of a "beautiful" city divided by race and class: 

The highway was a rough social equator bisecting the community into lighter and darker hemispheres. Above it in the northern hemisphere lived the whites who owned and operated the banks and churches, clothing and grocery and liquor stores. In the smaller section below it, cramped and broken up by ice plants, warehouses, laundries, lived the darker ones, the Mexicans and Negroes who did most of the manual work in Bella City and its hinterland.
And in the next paragraph, the author describes the denizens of East Hidalgo Street:
Housewives black, brown, and sallow were hugging parcels and pushing shopping carts on the sidewalk. Above them a ramshackle house, with paired front windows like eyes demented by earthquake memories, advertised Rooms for Transients on one side, Palm Reading on the other. A couple of Mexican children, boy and girl, strolled hand in hand in a timeless noon on their way to an early marriage.
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That last line is a sweet, poetic turn of phrase, made nicer because it allows a moment of happiness to visit a few souls from a population otherwise defined by toil and troubled living. Understand that The Ivory Grin isn’t a racial or sociocultural polemic; it is first and foremost an absorbing mystery, well worth finding and experiencing seventy years later. It shows a hard-boiled crime writer at the top of his game, and gives the always introspective but never opinionated Lew Archer a reason to be an anthropologist just as much as a gumshoe. It is Archer’s, and MacDonald’s, keen understanding of people and their often contrary, petty, and pitiable ways that allows him to solve the mystery while recognizing enough of humanity (in Lucy, in Alex) to not give up on the human race for good. Highly recommended.

Tracy K. has reviewed this title over at her great blog, Bitter Tea and Mystery.
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Book Review: THE CASE OF THE VELVET CLAWS (1933) by Erle Stanley Gardner

3/20/2020

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I wonder if, after sampling my third Perry Mason book in the series by prolific writer Erle Stanley Gardner, these might not fall under the heading of "guilty pleasures". I suspect that they also operate for me as something one "loves to hate", although I fall far from either extreme on the Perry Mason Gratification Scale. The following critique may step on long-standing fans' toes, but after exposure to Gardner's first Mason caper, 1933's The Case of the Velvet Claws, I am still trying to assess just what my final (admittedly subjective) verdict should be.

Typically, a reading experience isn't this complicated. I read a book, I react to the book, I determine if the book gave satisfaction and how or why it did or did not. But analysis of a Gardner story, at least of the few I have read, doesn't seem that simple. This is because some very enjoyable and inventive strengths – including morally specious but highly clever defense attorney tactics like witness manipulation and sleight-of-hand evidence reveals – share space with a story weakened by unconvincing, superficial characterization and dialogue. Of course the Mason novels are meant to entertain and never pretend to be more than they are, which is in itself a point in their favor. But that odd combination of impressively good and amateurishly bad is something I haven't encountered often in mystery fiction, and it brings me back to the "guilty pleasure" label.

This mix of strengths and weaknesses is already fully formed and on display in The Case of the Velvet Claws, Mason's début case. What's singular about this story is that it doesn't end in a dramatic and contentious court trial like the great majority do: Mason keeps his client, an attractive femme fatale accused of shooting her husband, out of a courtroom despite the fact that Eva Belter has lied to the lawyer (and has even tried to frame him for murder!) every step of the way. George Belter is/was the publisher of Spicy Bits, a gossip tabloid largely existing as a vehicle to squeeze the rich and famous out of some money through business-legitimized blackmail. Because of this, there is a surplus of suspects who might want to see Belter dead, but Mason focuses on one in particular: Congressman Harrison Burke, last seen at a night club with a woman who was not his wife, a woman who happens to be Eva Belter herself.

So we arrive at one of Gardner's strongest qualities as an author, and the greatest personal argument for my continuing with the series. The man is quite brilliant at establishing the plotline (the hook, essentially) and guiding it along through multiple turns and reversals, escalating to a breathless climax. Such literary planning and plotting is not easy or effortless to pull off, and the three titles I have read to date – the others are The Case of the Howling Dog (1934) and The Case of the Counterfeit Eye (1935) – show no slack in their pacing or ingenuity. 

Closely connected with pacing is the quality of the twists and tactics themselves. In these early adventures, Perry Mason's maneuvering would be risky in the extreme if it wasn't safely confined to Gardner's artificially created world. Gambits like altering evidence to fluster prosecution witnesses, manufacturing a fake confession to muddy the waters, and manipulating police investigation would result in disbarment many times over. Yet the cleverness of these actions and Mason's ostensibly justified motivations keep the reader flipping pages while suspending judgment. It's an impressive tightrope to walk: Mason is bending the rules, but he argues that he is just trying to even up the odds which are already stacked against his accused client.
For example, in Velvet Claws Gardner has his hero conspire with a friendly pawnbroker to force an admission from a suspect. All Mason needs from Sol Steinburg (a benign but still stereotypical Jewish figure typical of pulp stories of the time) is to "recognize" whichever man Mason brings into the shop with a "That's him, that's the one" declaration. (In other words, lie.) He explains that he will never need Sol to testify in court, but rather he's trying to make the man think he can tie him to a gun purchase. It's a clever ruse, and Gardner gets extra points for the suspect smelling the set-up and pushing back just as hard as Mason is pushing him.
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While the plotting and legal legerdemain in Gardner's books are highly enjoyable, characterization, description, and dialogue are (for me) another story. Some reviewers have connected the toughness of the tales with roots from hardboiled detective fiction, and I think that's accurate. But Erle Stanley Gardner is no Dashiell Hammett or Raymond Chandler, and the Perry Mason books substitute pedestrian prose for the moody metaphors and flawed figures populating the Hammett and Chandler worlds. In particular, Gardner's overuse/abuse of countless "Mason said" and "asked Paul Drake"-type dialogue tags really slow down the rhythm, especially as they are so often unnecessary in two-person exchanges. Yet they are peppered throughout every single conversation, and these books are filled with two-person dialogue runs.
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There's also a stilted quality to the scenes, which is due in part to the rather flat characterization (this cop is combative; that cop is friendly; Mason is always gruff and in command) and in part due to the sensationalist, hard-to-believe plotlines that Gardner favors. In Howling Dog, for example, I was wearying of a bellicose police chief who seemed to have little depth when he surprised me by saying in response, "I'm commencing to think so." I grabbed onto that word choice and thought it was a nicely observant touch to have a character use a word outside of his presumed vocabulary; I thought it revealed something of the chief's personality, that he was the type of person who prided himself on showing an education even though he had little. But then a few chapters later private investigator Paul Drake also says "I'm commencing to think so," and after that the author lets Mason use the phrase. Perry Mason's fictional world is one where characters speak on the surface (whether lying or telling the truth) rather than engaging in subtlety or subtext, and that's due to the preferences and literary limitations of his creator.

In spite of these traits, Gardner's books are still great fun and easy to digest, and I expect to sample many more of Mason's cases, especially when I'm looking for a fast and light mystery book in between more literary fare. And one can't help but admire an author concerned with providing both flashy entertainment and calculated promotion: at the end pages of Velvet Claws, the loyal Della Street reminds Mason that a new client is waiting in the outer office for him. Says Della:
"It's a girl expensively dressed, good looking. Seems well bred. She's in trouble, but she won't open up."
"Sulky, eh?"
"Sulky? Well, perhaps I'd call her sort of trapped."
"That's because you like her looks," Mason grinned. "If you didn't, you'd call her sulky."
…"Well, maybe she is just sulky."

It may be no surprise to note that the next book in the series happens to be The Case of the Sulky Girl.
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